نوع مقاله : مقاله پژوهشی
نویسندگان
1 گروه اقتصاد امور عمومی، دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
2 دانشکده اقتصاد، دانشگاه خوارزمی، تهران، ایران
چکیده
کلیدواژهها
موضوعات
عنوان مقاله [English]
نویسندگان [English]
This study investigated the threshold effects of foreign direct investment, financial development, and social globalization on the Environmental Performance Index (EPI) in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) and the member states of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) over the period 1995–2023. The research applied a nonlinear analytical framework to capture potential threshold behaviors among the variables, considering the research design, statistical population and sample, sampling strategy, intervention variables, measurement instruments, and the analytical method without mentioning the name of the software used. The findings showed that in MENA countries, lower levels of FDI intensified environmental pressures, whereas after surpassing a specific threshold, FDI promoted cleaner technologies and improved environmental performance. Financial development also demonstrated a dual pattern, while social globalization enhanced environmental quality by increasing public awareness and societal pressure. In OECD countries, the effects of FDI were generally positive, supported by efficient financial systems and strong institutional structures, which amplified the favorable environmental impacts of economic and social integration. Overall, the study concluded that the environmental consequences of economic and social variables depended significantly on the level of economic development and institutional capacity across countries.
کلیدواژهها [English]
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