the major challenges of urban management. This study was conducted in 2024 in Tehran, Iran, with the aim of comprehensively analyzing the role and position of grass landscaping and examining the attitudes of different stakeholder groups, using a mixed-methods approach. In the qualitative phase, the attitudes of urban managers and experts were investigated through in-depth, semi-structured interviews using purposive sampling until data saturation was achieved. The data were analyzed using conventional content analysis. The findings of this phase emphasized the necessity of integrated management of grass landscaping, taking into account the social, economic, and environmental dimensions simultaneously, as well as improving water resource management and conserving biodiversity.



In the quantitative phase, the preferences of Tehran citizens were examined using a structured questionnaire, with the participation of 212 respondents. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics in SPSS. The results showed that citizens’ knowledge of the water crisis, action strategies, and the outcomes and feedback of environmental actions collectively explained 73% of the variance in their attitudes toward the management of grass-covered areas under water-scarcity conditions. Among these factors, knowledge of the outcomes and feedback of environmental actions had the greatest contribution to explaining citizens’ attitudes. Therefore, attitudes toward grass landscaping under water-scarcity conditions are associated not only with managerial and value-related factors but also with the level of citizens’ environmental knowledge and awareness. Accordingly, increasing public awareness of the consequences of responsible environmental actions can contribute to greater acceptance of sustainable approaches to grass landscaping management.